Craniates - Crainata - the Animal Encyclopedia

Craniates - Crainata - the Animal Encyclopedia Craniates (Craniata) are a group of chordates that includes hagfish, lampreys, and jawed vertebrates such as amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals, and fishes. Craniates are best described as chordates that have a braincase (also called a cranium or a skull), mandible (jawbone) and other facial bones. Craniates do not include simpler chordates such as lancelets and tunicates. Some craniates are aquatic and have gill slits, unlike the more primitive lancelets which have pharyngeal slits instead. Hagfishes Are the Most Primitive Among craniates, the most primitive is the hagfishes. Hagfishes do not have a bony skull. Instead, their skull is made up of cartilage, a strong but flexible substance that consists of the protein keratin. Hagfishes are the only living animal that has a skull but lack a backbone or vertebral column. First Evolved Around 480 Million Years Ago The first known craniates were marine animals that evolved about 480 million years ago. These early craniates are thought to have diverged from lancelets. As embryos, craniates have a unique tissue called the neural crest. The neural crest develops into a variety of structures in the adult animal such as nerve cells, ganglia, some endocrine glands, skeletal tissue, and connective tissue of the skull. Craniates, like all chordates, develop a notochord that is present in hagfishes and lampreys but which disappears in most vertebrates where it is replaced by the vertebral column. All Have an Internal Skeleton All craniates have an internal skeleton, also called an endoskeleton. The endoskeleton is made up of either cartilage or calcified bone. All craniates have a circulatory system that consists of arteries, capillaries, and veins. They also have a chambered heart (in vertebrates the circulatory system is closed) and a pancreas and paired kidneys. In craniates, the digestive tract consists of a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, intestine, rectum, and anus.   The Craniate Skull In the craniate skull, the olfactory organ is located anterior to the other structures, followed by paired eyes, paired ears. Also within the skull is the brain which is made up of five parts, the romencephalon, metencephalon, mesencephalon, diencephalon, and telencepahlon. Also present in the craniate skull are a collection of nerves such as the olfactory, optic, trigeninal, facial, accoustic, glossopharygeal, and vagus cranial nerve.   Most craniates have distinct male and female sexes, although some species are hemaphroditic. Most fish and amphibians undergo external fertilization and lay eggs when reproducing while other craniates (such as mammals) bear live young. Classification Craniates are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Craniates Craniates are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Hagfishes (Myxini) - There are six species of hagfishes alive today. Members of this group have been the subject of much debate about how they should be placed within the classification of chordates. Currently, hagfishes are considered to be most closely related to lampreys.Lampreys (Hyperoartia) - There are about 40 species of lampreys alive today. Members of this group include northern lampreys, southern topeyed lampreys, and pouched lampreys. Lampreys have a long, slender body and a skeleton made of cartilage.Jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata) - There are about 53,000 species of jawed vertebrates alive today. Jawed vertebrates include bony fishes, cartilaginous fishes, and tetrapods.

How to Create Awesome Internal Company Newsletters That Get Read

How to Create Awesome Internal Company Newsletters That Get Read Internal newsletters are important tools for keeping teams informed company-wide. This is especially true for larger organizations where teams may be in silos. Team members rely on these emails to know whats happening around the business. However, making them engaging isn’t easy. People already spend too much time in their inbox. How can you convince them to read one more email? It takes careful planning, consistent execution, and an understanding of what your coworkers want to read. Fortunately, thats exactly what this post will cover (and more). This complete step-by-step guide will turn tired internal communications into invaluable insights that make an impact. Table of Contents: Free Email Newsletter + Calendar Template What Is An Internal Newsletter? Why Do You Need a Newsletter? Determine Who Will Get Your Newsletter Planning Newsletter Content: 20 Ideas Anyone Can Use Nail Your Content Strategy How to Write the Best Newsletter Possible Newsletter Best Practices Design Examples Planning Your Distribution Frequency Measuring Impact Managing Newsletters With How to Create Awesome Internal Company Newsletters That Actually Get Read via @ What Exactly Is An Internal Newsletter? It’s an email (or printed publication) that rounds up news, announcements, and other pertinent information that’s important for staff to know. This post will focus on creating and distributing them via email. Your company’s internal news emails don’t have to look much different than one you’d send to customers. Newsletter Examples to Inspire Your Own: Invision Email Digest Example 8 Best Email Newsletter Examples of 2018 from Brafton 15 Email Newsletters We Love Getting in our Inboxes from Hubspot 8 of the Best Email Newsletter Examples to Show You How It’s Done from SendInBlue The 40 Best Newsletter Examples from Newsletter2GoNeed newsletter examples to inspire your own? Find 'em here: Why Does My Company Need a Newsletter? You might be wondering, â€Å"Shouldn’t I be spending my time marketing to customers instead?† If you’re a marketer, that sentiment is understandable. But, ignore internal communications at your own peril. There are tons of benefits behind having a well-coordinated newsletter. Here are several to consider: Keeping everyone informed on important changes. No one likes feeling out of the loop. Creating clarity between disparate teams. Showing what different teams are accomplishing cultivates understanding between groups that don’t usually work together. Putting an end to multiple, endless email threads. Instead of news being sent out piecemeal through multiple email threads, you can just send one awesome email. Encouraging social advocacy. Including things coworkers can share on social makes it easier for them to become social advocates. Ensuring important messages don’t get lost. Tools like Slack and Hipchat are great, but it can be hit-or-miss whether your messages get seen there or not. Gives staff info they can share with their friends and family. Reinforces transparency. Sharing information helps show the company cares about being open and honest. Prevents people from saying â€Å"I didn’t get the memo.† If your newsletter becomes habit-forming, they’ll always be in the know.